MARKETING PLANNING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

MARKETING PLANNING - Assignment Example It implies that a number of tactics can be considered so that the objectives and missions of the business can be attained. Marketing planning is essential in the strategic planning process for an organization, since it provides direction in the firm and outlines the goals of organization that are measurable (Jobber, 2010). The day- to-day decisions of the business depend on the marketing planning and strategic planning process (Young, 2010). This is based on the fact that the firm is prone to changes and it has to progress with its daily routines. The approaches to move forward must be planned and to accommodate change in the firm strategic decisions or planning must be incorporated. Marketing planning helps the managers and directors of the business to efficiently allocate the resources available in an optimum manner so that the goals set can be attained. Risks may occur when the business is operational and other uncertainty and if the market plan was emphasized, then tactical marke ting planning may be employed to cater for the risks and other form of uncertainties. In conclusion, marketing planning is essential in the strategic planning process for an organization since it gives the organization the go ahead. For example, a firm can identify the tactics that can be applied to outdo the competitor. It also gives the management of the organization a chance to plan for the present and future strategies. The first stage of product development is to come up with the idea of the product that will be established in the market. It is important to consider whether the product is already in the market or a new entrant in the market. Market research must be conducted so that market sources like the consumer wants, dislike and competition among others can be known. Since the company may have a lot of ideas concerning the products that they need to develop, it is critical and recommendable to choose an idea that is best and reject the bad idea

Ghana, the mixed capitalist Essay Example for Free

Ghana, the mixed capitalist Essay Gold Coast, now Ghana had his independence in 1957 after a long struggle with our colonial masters, the British by Kwame Nkrumah and others who helped in diverse ways such as â€Å"the Big Six† and others. Colonized by the British, Ghana has gone through a lot of systems of governance; Monarchical, autocracy and now democracy. So is with economic systems which go with any form of governance system. Currently there are about four (4) economic systems in the world which are; socialist, capitalist, mixed economy (Socialist and Capitalist) and Islamic economic jurisprudence. The Economic Systems All these are economic systems and it is defines those who controls and owns the economic resources which forms the â€Å"means† in economics. Every economy is measured by the usage of its means and the nature of the â€Å"means† owners determines the kind of economic system the country runs. Socialist system of economy is a one that has its resources highly controlled by the central government. E. g. USSR (Russia, Ukraine, Yugoslavia etc), the Capitalist economy is that whose resources is highly owned and controlled by private individuals or a body other than the government. E. g. USA, UK, part of Europe etc. The Mixed economy is that which combines both the socialist and the capitalist economic systems to run the country’s economy. In that, the central government controls part of the economy whiles the other part is controlled by private participation. Functions of the Economic Systems There are multiple components to economic systems. Their interaction may be coherent or result in instability. Decision-making structures of an economy determine the use of economic inputs (the factors of production), distribution of output, the level of centralization in decision-making, and who makes these decisions. Decisions might be carried out by industrial councils, by a government agency, or by private owners. Every economic system represents an attempt to solve three fundamental and interdependent problems: What goods and services shall be produced and in what quantities? How shall goods and services be produced? That is, by whom and with what resources and technologies? For whom shall goods and services be produced? That is, who is to enjoy the benefits of the goods and services and how is the total product to be distributed among individuals and groups in the society. E. g. the current load management by the VRA and the ECG. Thus every economy is a system that allocates resources for exchange, production, distribution and consumption. The system is stabilized through a combination of threat and trust, which are the outcome of institutional arrangements. An economic system possesses the following institutions: Methods of control over the factors or means of production: this may include ownership of, or property rights to, the means of production and therefore may give rise to claims to the proceeds from production. The means of production may be owned privately, by the state, by those who use them or be held in common. A decision-making system: this determines who is eligible to make decisions over economic activities. Economic agents with decision-making powers can enter into binding contracts with one another. A coordination mechanism: this determines how information is obtained and used in decision-making. The two dominant forms of coordination are planning and markets; planning can be either de-centralized or centralized, and the two coordination mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and often co-exist. An incentive system: this induces and motivates economic agents to engage in productive activities. It can be based on either material reward (compensation or self-interest) or moral suasion (for instance, social prestige or through a democratic decision-making process that binds those involved). The incentive system may encourage specialization and the division of labour. Organizational form: there are two basic forms of organization: actors and regulators. Economic actors include households, work gangs and production teams, firms, joint-ventures and cartels. Economically regulative organizations are represented by the state and market authorities; the latter may private or public entities. A distribution system: this allocates the proceeds from productive activity, which is distributed as income among the economic organizations, individuals and groups within society, such as property owners, workers and non-workers, or the state (from taxes). A public choice mechanism for law-making, establishing rules, norms and standards and levying taxes. Usually this is the responsibility of the state but other means of collective decision-making are possible, such as workers’ councils. The Ghana’s Economy Ghana’s economy is purely a mixed type with the resources sharply divided between the public and private participation. The service sector is highly controlled by the government while the production sector is dominated by private and group participation. Decision making, which determines the direction of the economy and the type system, is done a lot of the times, through consultations with stakeholders of the economy. Example; when the power and water companies wanted to review utility tariffs to a certain percentage, there was a lot of consultations thereby; getting the rate we have now. Ghana, before the independence was purely capitalist. After independence, the then government focused on turning the economy into a communist/socialist system. They invested so much in agriculture which was the only sector controlled by the government and also reached out to industrialize the economy. Currently, Ghana is well-endowed with natural resources and agriculture accounts for roughly one-quarter of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce, mainly small landholders. The services sector accounts for 50% of GDP. Gold and cocoa production and individual remittances are major sources of foreign exchange. Oil production at Ghanas offshore Jubilee field began in mid-December, 2010, and is expected to boost economic growth. Finally, I may agree with the statement but require more facts to completely justify its truth. Ghana is a mixed economy but capitalist oriented on the face assessment value of the various sectors. But can justify, if all percentages of public/private participation of the economic sectors are well defined. This will couple with the clear policy direction of the present governments which has state on record as being social democrats and has manifestoes seeking to provide a lot for the people.

A lEsson Befor dying Essay -- essays research papers

A Lesson Before Dying For my final book review I read the novel A Lesson Before Dying By Ernest J. Gains. The book took place in the 1940 right after the great depression. A society stricken by poverty is depicted early in the book. The atmosphere in the first chapter is leading us into the idea of: how can justice prevail in a society dominated by a single group of people? If this story took place in modern day I believe that question would not be as relevant as it is in the forty’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grant Wiggins, one of the main characters is a teacher at an elementary school, Grant is a very bitter man for being so young, maybe it is because he has known nothing but segregation and racisms his whole life, growing up in Louisiana. Over the course of the novel, he learns to accept responsibility for his own life, for his relations with other people, and for the condition of Southern society. Jefferson is another one of the main characters; Jefferson is a black man who is described as being sensitive and kind of stupid. Jefferson is accused for a murder and faces the death penalty, he becomes very depressed waiting on death row because he feel so worthless in a white dominate world, but Grant befriends him and helps him out before he dies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jefferson is convicted of murder, while in his cell the hears his own lawyer call him a hog, this upsets him very much and he realizes how the white dominate the world and that justice can no...

My Favourite Book or the Book I Like Most Essay

I can unhesitatingly and boastfully claim that ‘my never- failing friends are they, with whom I converse day by day.’ And these friends, with whom I talk, converse and gossip as a matter of routine, are the BOOKS, that are stacked in our family-library. Their sweet, long company has made me a true book-lover in the real sense. Without any doubt or reservation, I can frankly say that blessed are those, who are in constant company of books. Books never desert us, when we fall prey to evil days, and they never flatter us, when fortune smiles on us. In my life so far, I have read many books including the titles on travels and adventures; biographies and auto ­biographies; love poems and nature poems; novels and stories and plays written by various authors of long standing and good repute. If I am asked to choose the book which I like most, I would go for the novel ‘the old man and the sea,’ written by the world-renowned novelist ‘Ernest Hemingway’ (1899-1961). Hemingway was a highly successful, prolific, U.S. writer of international fame and his novel in question was awarded the coveted Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. ‘The Old Man and the Sea’, was, actually, brought out in 1952. Naturally and undisputedly, a masterpiece of Hemingway, ‘The Old Man and the Sea’ is a beautiful description of the changing phases in the life of a man. It brings to the mind how the behaviour of acquaintances, friends, Nations and co-workers of a man undergoes a sea change with the drifting of a phase in life. The main character in the novel is an old fisherman, facing the loss of his lost vigour with great patience and fortitude. An expert master fisherman in his hay days, the old man had, in his by-gone days, trained a number of aspiring young men in baiting and catching fish. They had all learnt venturing out into the sea and fight against the ebb and flow of tides under his expert guidance. They not only admired him for his great skill and courage; but heaped upon him praises for his daring nature and tact time and again. He had become a living legend for them. But the time changed in the autumn of his life. He was considered a spent-force and was not in a position to catch any fish on a regular basis even for his own survival. There were no admirers left and the one-time hero had become almost a forgotten story. There were times, when he had to survive on charity of others. However, the old man did not give up easily. He remained firm and unyielding and continued trying his luck with his not till the last moment. He proved himself a brave, struggling fighter. He accepted his fate not in despair but with courage and determination. One day he succeeded in catching a giant marlin; but was not in a position to pull it out. The result was that the catch was eaten by sharks. Besides the story and the over-all plot of the novel, the style of narration and the language are also highly impressive. Hemingway is nowhere bombastic or Johnsonian in the novel On the contrary, his style is greatly forceful with simple and easy-to-understand sentences, having few confusing adverbs or adjectives. This is why ‘The old man and the sea’ is the only book I have liked most.

Julius Caesar Essay

The author, William Shakespeare, portrays Caesar in a more favorable light compared to Plutarch. In Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, Caesar’s character sketch is that of a just, fair, patriotic, loyal and dominating leader. He is in favor of the people and always acts for their benefit. Whereas Plutarch shows Caesar as a dictator, a fearless man who does nothing but keep to his word and disregard all kinds of modern amendments. It can only be William Shakespeare, a well-known genius praised by people for decades, can do full justice to the character of the great Roman leader, Julius Caesar, in his play. Shakespeare mentions the instance where Julius Caesar goes to the senate house where all of Brutus’ confederates add their petitions to those of Tillius Cimber, in behalf of his brother who was in exile, to withdraw his banishment. They kissed Caesar’s hand and praised him but Julius Caesar like a truly just leader did not subject to that flattery and refused to comply with their requests. Another instance is where Caesar in spite of people warning him about the omens of the Ides of March, dutiful of his kingship still goes to the senate house and attends the meeting which he thought was to discuss important issues concerning the people of Rome. Both of these instances show a true king in the face of Caesar. Caesar was most definitely a model political figure. He refused the crown three times when it was awarded by the people. All his actions showed that he cared only about the people of Rome and not about his achievements. This puts all the notions about Caesar being a dictator and unjust ambitious leader, totally wrong. Caesar truthfully contributed to Rome and its people throughout his life. 1

The Fugitive Slave Act essays

The Fugitive Slave Act essays As the evolution of this report on Fugitive Slave Act goes into progression you will learn about what this act changed in the world we live in today. This report will help you understand what differences this Act bought forth to the nation in a whole. I will cover plenty of aspects to make up what the Fugitive Slave Act stood for. On January 29, 1850, the 70-year-old Clay presented a compromise. For eight months members of Congress, led by Clay, Daniel Webster, Senator from Massachusetts, and John C. Calhoun, senator from South Carolina, debated the compromise. With the help of Stephen Douglas, a young Democrat from Illinois, a series of bills that would make up the compromise were ushered through Congress. The Fugitive Slave Act was created in 1850 as a part of groups of laws. Those laws were in reference to the Compromise of 1850. It was created in the compromise that antislavery advocated to the gain of California to be as a free state. The group of laws that were created mandated the return of runaway slaves, regardless of where in the Union they might be situated at the time of their discovery or capture.(Foner)Along with the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the ratification of Kansas' admission for free statehood; this legislation is part of the chain of events which culminated in the American Civil War. The Kansas-Nebraska Act stated that slavery question would be decided by popular sovereignty. In addition, Fugitive Slave Act prohibited slave-trading in the District of Columbia and also required that the citizens be assistants in the recovery of fugitive slaves. It also denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial. Ironically, the passage of this law grew great resentment by the abolitionists. The abolitionists detested the law because majority of the Americans embraced the law. The reason this act was created to free slaves and make abolitionists resolve their differences and put an end to slavery. Even though it was ...

Swansong by Christopher Bruce Essays

Swansong by Christopher Bruce Essays Swansong by Christopher Bruce Essay Swansong by Christopher Bruce Essay Essay Topic: Play The chair is the only constant prop in the performance, and it is used in many ways. Firstly and most obviously it is used as a chair, in the introduction the victim is sitting on the chair and the interrogators use this to trap him in between them. By the 1st section the interrogators have pulled the victim off the chair, the chair is then used to balance the victims weight suggesting that they are keeping the victim from being free. The chair starts to become used as a shield for the victim- this shows us that the victim is starting to see the chair as some form of protection or safety net for him. This idea is developed majorly in section 2 of the performance. The victim often reaches for the safety of the chair only to have it pulled away from him, the interrogators use the chair against it pulling it away fro them victim as he goes to sit, and teasing him with it. The chair is also used in the piece as an emotional shield we know this by section 3 when the victim bends over the chair, one arm reaching forwards past his head, the other behind his back with the hands opening out from clenched fists. This could be a scream or a cry and is the first bird like gesture of the section- showing us that the victim is protecting himself using the chair but also trying to reach freedom with it. In the last few sections the chair becomes a negative image the chair is taken away from him, held as a form of bribery, then he is trapped underneath it, left almost corpse like, trapped by the chair and the surroundings. The chair becomes a burden to the victim in section 5 we know this because he lifts the chair onto his back as though carrying a great weight, he uses the back of the chair as bars of a prison cell, he stands on it to look at the light closer to become closer to freedom then crumples in frustration and the solo ends with his ankles trapped in the bars of the chair. In the piece there is not much use of other props, however there is some. In section two we see two vital uses of props, one is the red nose that is placed on the victims nose during interrogation this is used to humiliate the victim and an attempt at making him crack under the humiliation. The second is the use of baseball caps used by the interrogators. They wear baseball caps with the rims turned up- this shows the victim (and the audience) that they are playing a game with him- a game they intend on winning. Then in section 6 of swansong the Interrogators emerge holding canes, the canes slowly take on the appearance of weapons and are used to threaten and beat the victim. The use of lighting within the piece is mainly used to show the freedom the victim is missing out on. It is produced by one lone light in the centre of the stage and is prominent at several points in the performance. It is mainly seen when the victim steps toward it to show his urge, and need to escape. In section 5 on the piece the victim stands on the chair, looking up at the direction of the light clearly longing to follow and find it, He then follows the light which represents freedom but also the uncertainty of what lies ahead for him. In section 7 the victim is dead, he walks naturally toward the light, he seems happy and content that he is finally free. There are several dance styles used throughout the piece ranging from contemporary to vaudeville. The mixture of these styles creates the confused and almost surreal situation the victim is placed in, and in combining the styles of vaudeville, ballet and contemporary he has opened the piece up to more people, and broadened the target audience. Contemporary style is used to move one movement onto the next, whereas the classical style is a lot stiffer and used more to show the longing of freedom.

Introduction to New England Colonial Architecture

Introduction to New England Colonial Architecture When the British landed on the shores of the New World, they not only brought place names from England (e.g., Portsmouth, Salisbury, Manchester), but the colonists also carried the knowledge of building traditions and architectural styles. The religious separatists we call Pilgrims arrived in 1620, quickly followed by a group of Puritans in 1630, who settled in what became the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Using whatever materials they could find, the immigrants constructed timber-framed houses with steep roofs. Other settlers from Great Britain spread throughout Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, building rustic dwellings like the ones they had known in their homeland. They colonized land that became New England. The earliest dwellings were likely hastily-constructed sheds and cabins - the recreation of the Plymouth Colony shows us this. Then, shoring up against the cold New England winters, colonists built single-story Cape Cod houses with massive chimneys placed at the center. As families grew, some colonists built larger two-story homes, still to be seen in communities like  Strawbery Banke on the New Hampshire coast. Colonists expanded their living space and protected their property with sloping saltbox roof additions, named after the shape of boxes used to store salt. The Daggett Farmhouse, built in Connecticut around 1750, is a good example of the saltbox roof style. Wood was plentiful in the northeastern forests of the New World. The English people who colonized New England grew up with architecture from late medieval and Elizabethan England. The British colonists were not far removed from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and medieval timber-framed houses, and they continued these building practices through the 1600s and well into the 1700s. The 1683 Parson Capen House in Topsfield, Massachusetts is a good example of Elizabethan architecture in New England. Since these simple homes were made of wood, many burned down. Only a few have survived intact, and fewer still have not been remodeled and expanded. New England Colonial Types Styles Architecture in Colonial New England went through many phases and can be known by various names. The style is sometimes called post-medieval, late medieval, or first period English. A New England Colonial home with a sloping, shed-like roof is often called a Saltbox Colonial. The term Garrison Colonial describes a New England Colonial home with a second story that juts out over the lower level. The historic 1720 Stanley-Whitman House in Farmington, Connecticut is described as a post-medieval style, because of its second-story overhang, but a later lean-to addition transformed the  Garrison Colonial into one with a saltbox-style roof. It did not take long for colonial styles of architecture to combine to form new designs. Modern Colonials Builders often imitate historic styles. You may have heard words like New England Colonial, Garrison Colonial, or Saltbox Colonial used to describe modern-day homes. Technically, a house built after the American Revolution - after communities were no longer colonies of England - is not colonial. More correctly, these homes of the 19th and 20th centuries are Colonial Revival or Neocolonial. Northern versus Southern Colonial Houses Early New England colonial houses were usually located mostly along the shores of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Remember that Vermont and Maine were not part of the 13 original colonies, although much of the architecture is similar, modified by French influences from the north. Northern colonial homes were wood framed construction, usually the plentiful white pine, with clapboard or shingle siding. Early homes were one story, but as more family arrived from Britain these starter homes became two-stories, often with steep roofs, narrow eaves, and side gables. A large, center fireplace and chimney would heat upstairs and downstairs. Some homes added the luxury of saltbox-shaped lean-to additions, used to keep wood and supplies dry. New England architecture was inspired by the beliefs of the inhabitants, and the Puritans tolerated little exterior ornamentation. The most decorative were the post-medieval styles, where the second story slightly protruded ove r the lower floor and the small casement windows would have diamond-shaped panes. This was the extent of decorative design. Beginning with the Jamestown Colony in 1607, New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies were established up and down the eastern coastline of what would become the United States. Settlers in southern regions such as Pennsylvania, Georgia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Virginia also constructed uncomplicated, rectangular homes. However, a Southern Colonial home is often made with brick. Clay was plentiful in many southern regions, which made brick a natural building material for southern colonial homes. Also, homes in the southern colonies often had two chimneys - one on each side - instead of a single massive chimney in the center. Tour New England Colonial Homesteads The New England Colonial home of Rebecca Nurse was built in the 17th century, making this giant red house a true Colonial. Rebecca, her husband, and her children moved here to  Danvers, Massachusetts around 1678. With two rooms on the first floor and two rooms on the second, a large chimney runs through the center of the main house. A kitchen lean-to addition with its own chimney was built in about 1720. Another addition was constructed in 1850. The Rebecca Nurse house has its original floors, walls, and beams. However, like most homes from this period, the house has been extensively restored. The lead restoration architect was Joseph Everett Chandler, who also oversaw the historic restorations at the Paul Revere House in Boston and the House of Seven Gables in Salem. Rebecca West is an interesting figure in American history for being a victim of the Salem Witch Trials- in 1692 she was accused, tried, and executed for practicing witchcraft. Like many historic homes throughout New England, the Rebecca Nurse Homestead is open to the public for tours. Many of New Englands finest colonial homes are open to the public. The Hoxie House in Sandwich, Massachusetts was built in 1675 and is said to be the oldest house still standing on Cape Cod. The Jethro Coffin House, built in 1686, is the oldest house on Nantucket.  The home of author Louisa May Alcott, Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts, is a good example of farmhouses built between 1690 and 1720. The town of Salem, Massachusetts is a museum itself, with the House of Seven Gables (1668) and the Jonathan Corwin House (1642), also known as the Witch House, being two popular tourist attractions.  A Boston home built in 1680 and once owned by American patriot Paul Revere is a popular post-medieval style to view. Lastly, Plimoth Plantation is the Disney-equivalent of 17th century New England living, as the visitor can experience an entire village of the primitive huts that started it all. Once you get a taste of Colonial American house styles, youll know some of what has made Ame rica strong. COPYRIGHT: The articles you see on these pages are copyrighted. You may link to them, but do not copy them in a blog, web page, or print publication without permission. Sources Architecture of New England and the Southern Colonies by Valerie Ann Polino, http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/1978/4/78.04.03.x.html [accessed July 27, 2017]English Colonial Domestic Architecture of New England by Christine G. H. Franck, https://christinefranck.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/english-colonial-domestic-architecture-of-new-england/ [accessed July 27, 2017]Architectural Style Guide, Historic New England, https://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/for-homeowners-communities/your-old-or-historic-home/architectural-style-guide/#first-period-post-medieval [accessed July 27, 2017]Virginia and Lee McAlester. A Field Guide to American Houses, 1984Lester Walker. American Shelter: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home, 1998John Milnes Baker, AIA. American House Styles: A Concise Guide, Norton, 1994Architectural Style Guide, Boston Preservation Alliance, bostonpreservation.org/advocacy/architectural-style-guide.html [accessed July 27, 2017]

The Future of Merit and the Civil Service System Essay

The Future of Merit and the Civil Service System - Essay Example Illustratively, Condrey & Battaglio (2007) argued that in past few years, the principles related with merit in practice have been altered in the US civil service system. Nevertheless, irrespective of all the changes observed, the meritocratic idealism in the system remains to be a noteworthy aspect, especially when focusing on efficient decision making criteria in the Human Resources Management (HRM) dimension (Condrey & Battaglio, 2007). In contradiction of these notions, Ingraham (2006) reveals a sense of skepticism to the viability of the principles as well as the practices related with merit in modern civil services system. Asserting various issues or challenges in relation to determine the future of merit in the civil service system, Ingraham (2006) argues with respect to underdeveloped governmental performance as linked with the reform of civil services, particularly with performances and diminished democratic responsibilities for the same. With this concern, the essay intends to compare the arguments postulated in the two articles of Ingraham (2006) and Condrey & Battaglio (2007) emphasizing the significance of a meritocratic civil service system in the modern US context. ... In precise, the arguments of this essay will be based on the following themes, which will further act as a base for its framework. The central point of debate in the two articles concerning the significance of merit in the reformed civil services system of the US Socio-political implications of the inferences drawn and their reliability Summative lessons obtainable from the articles Brief summary of the central point of debate in the two articles â€Å"A Return to Spoils? Revisiting Radical Civil Service Reform in the United States† The major points argued in the article titled, â€Å"A Return to Spoils? Revisiting Radical Civil Service Reform in the United States†, emphasize that the prime objectives of civil service reform in the US exhibit deep significance in the political smoothness and economic prosperity of the nation. Therefore, with the gradual and continuous reforms in the civil services dimension, as the merit based personnel management trend became faded, th e economy also had to suffer various mayhems, mostly in the form of socio-political conflicts. As stated by Condrey & Battaglio (2007), the target of civil service reform in the US, since its commencement has been to enhance efficiency in the HRM practices by making the managerial authority much stronger and transparent at the same time. For example, the initiative taken by Brownlow Commission in the year 1937 in introducing an effective management-oriented system in public personnel administration was aimed to deliver greater control to the management concerning personnel management in companies. However, focusing on the recent reforms in the US civil services system

Iphone Software design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Iphone Software design - Essay Example This application would facilitate the youngster using Smartphone to select and edit the jackets colours; and would also be able to interact with the designers and participate in the discussions’ forum through an easy to use interface of the application. The potential users of the application are youth using Smartphone want a user friendly interface so that they can navigate through the application easily. The users of the application should be informed accordingly through the interface regarding what is going on in the application. The interface elements, contents, etc. of the application should be familiar to the users; consistent and appropriate standards should be applied to the interface, so that the users would recognise the elements rather than; they recall the elements. As the application will be running on top of the iOS and it is not as fast as the computer/laptops, therefore, the application should be simple with fewer graphics (Nielsen, 2005). The essential features of the application include: the user will be capable of searching the designs of the jackets through an easy to use interface of the application. The users will be able to create profile, login the application securely, read and add comments on the jacket designs (only members). The user will have options of viewing and changing the size and colours of the jackets as well. The desirable features of the application include: options of purchasing the jackets (secure transactions) through PayPal, credit card, etc., interaction with designers, enhancing the designing functionality to 3D view, the options of wearing the jackets on the original pictures of the users. The start-up navigation of the application would be similar with Google’s website navigation with advance search options of colours, designers, size, etc. The horizontal bar navigation would be available at the top of the application after logging into the application,

Poor Management and Insufficient Funding as Roots of Business Failure Assignment

Poor Management and Insufficient Funding as Roots of Business Failure - Assignment Example Risk management is of great significance for hedging financial risks as well as hedging underlying economic activities. It is through proper trade that goods produced in particular places are equitably distributed among users. With the help of trade goods are made available to consumers at the time of their need. It removes the hindrance of persons by bringing together producers and consumers who are widely scattered.Advantages of risk management are outlined below:- It enables the insurers to concentrate on their production activities; otherwise, they would have to go in search of insurance companies for goods they produce.- Trade makes goods available to consumers who can concentrate on their own occupations.   - It results in specialization and large-scale production as the markets are now spread over wide territories. Sale of insured goods from one country and purchase of goods from other countries.- It provides avenues of employment to various persons.It increases the standard of living of people as they can avail of goods of various kinds produces by different producers.  Risk management involves financing. Financing is of two types, equity financing, and debt financing. When you are in need of money or looking for capital, the company’s debt-to-equity-ratio should be considered. It is the relations between the Dollars or Euros that an entrepreneur has borrowed and Dollars or Euros invested in the business. The more the investment by the owners the more they attract the financing.When the equity to debt ratio of the firm is high then debt financing should be taken. If the proportion of the debt to equity ratio of the firm is high then it is advised that the owners should incre ase their equity investment, that way they cannot jeopardize the firm’s survival.

People and Organisation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

People and Organisation - Research Paper Example In a competitive market, a large number of producers strive to satisfy the needs of the same consumers. These rivalry means that no one party can dictate the price of goods or the direction that the market will adopt. Each player influences the marketing strategy that the other adopts (Economics Online (EO, 2012) When the prospects of gain are high, more firms are bound to enter the market and this is in line with the basic economic theory which dictates that for profits to be earned, the returns in revenue must outweigh the cost of production (Allen N.J. et al. 1990.pp.638-642). The profits could be termed as normal or abnormal depending on the revenue collected. According to Lan Li: If the returns equal the cost then the profit is normal but if they surpass the cost, it is abnormal. In the case of Coca-Cola Company, the stock of goods lessens with every purchase and this is in line with the Principle of Diminishability. As the stocks approach zero, the price escalates and this drives the company to boost production. Perfect Competition: for a market to be perfectly economical, the number of buyers and sellers must by very large and for the producers, there is the freedom to join and exit the market at ones will. Monopoly market: monopoly describes a market scene where only one producer dictates the type of product to be availed and it is brought about by the absence of substitutes. This form of dominance brings about limitations on market entry. Duopoly on the other hand brings into play the theory of Oligopoly whereby there are two entities in the market and they are completely independent of each other’s operations. The competition lies between the two firms and they can therefore adjust their prices so as to gain the upper hand in the sales. Oligopoly means that there is a number of entities in the market and they try to outdo each other. Therefore any strategy adopted be it advertising or

Sport, Leisure and Coaching law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sport, Leisure and Coaching law - Essay Example by Lord Taylor on the Hillsborough disaster highlighed the role of building control as a major safety measure adopted for the safety of sports grounds. Moreover compulsory participation of other emergency services as well as likeminded intrested parties was also given priority. The important laws and regulations that were framed to ensure safety at sports grounds were Safety of sports grounds act 1975, Safety of sports grounds regulations 1987, Fire safety and safety of places of sports act 1987, Safety of places of sport regulations 1988, The football spectators act 1989, The environmental and safety information act 1988 etc. For ensuring the safety of sports grounds, the Safety of sports grounds act 1975 have given powers to the Secretary of state to issue special safety certificates or General safety certificate as an when required. As per the law the person who is responsible for the safety of the ground should apply to the concerned authority for getting such certificate. After receiving the application, the local autority decides whether the aplicant is qualified enough to receive the certificate. Normally the General certificate contains conditions that the authority fells necessary to implement safety at grounds. It includes management requirements, provisions for first aid, structural elements strength etc. For the preparation of the Safety certificate, it is utmost necessary to consider the following. First of all, a request for suitable drawings form the applicant should be made. Then a survey of the ground in detail should be made. It is also necessary to hold team safety meetings with emergency services for determining the overall requirements. Moreover consultation with experts in this field should be made. Another important step is to seek structural , electrical as well as mechanical certification. When the general certificate is issued, it is necessary to notify the concerned persons who are intrested. Moreover advertisements in accordance

Educational Policy Discourse on Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Educational Policy Discourse on Choice - Essay Example While the discourse on "choice" was positive for rich people in wealthy communities, it did not create a market standard that boosted the overall quality of education system wide. Good local schools became more competitive to enter, and while the middle and upper class were able to continue to search for good schools out of district, low class families were stuck, unable to provide the money to allow their children to be transported to a better school. This policy of "choice" made good schools more competitive, but it did not have the desired effect on the rest of the schools nationwide. Good schools were supposed to become more accessible to all students thus creating a better education system. While debating the 1988 Reform Bill in the U.K., Norman Nebbit (1987) said "The Bill extends choice and responsibilityToday only the wealthy have choice in education and that must be changed." By creating this policy reformists thought to make the education more equitable. Like free market economics, "choice" education allowed the market to blindly move based on its will rather than following the desire of the state's politicians. Parents choose the best schools, and those schools which are not as popular must be allowed to improve or close. Bureaucracy would not protect the schools from their unpopularity, with the euphemism of 'under-enrolment'; schools would be completely at the will of the parents or the consumer (Chubb & Moe, 1990, pp. 29-30). The good schools would expand to accommodate the needs of the students, in other words, it's a theory of survival of the fittest with the parents responsible for deciding who is the fittest. Unfortunately, there are a few very serious problems with this theory; first and foremost, schools are not a business. Unlike a business that is constantly trying to increase in size to accommodate demand, schools have no such motivator. In fact it has been proven that smaller schools, and smaller class size are considerably more desirable, because they provide more individualized attention for the students (Bickel & Howley, 2000). Popular schools have no reason to expand their school to accommodate the influx in desired attendance provided by "choice" education policy. Instead, they have the ability to become more selective in their acceptance of students (Edwards et al, 1989). Although this was not the intention, it is an outcome that is important to recognize in looking at the effectiveness of the policy. The exit of some students diminishes the chances of others to receive the same quality of education (Murnane, 1990). The second problem with this theory is overflow students. If the popular schools are not willing to accommodate the increased demand, the students have to be schooled elsewhere. This inherently means that schools that are not as popular, and potentially not as good, will have the ability to recruit students and survive even in their inferior status. When demand is high and supply is low, people pay more or they choose not to get exactly what they want. The "choice" system works the same way. Parents are willing either to go further away from home to get accepted into a good school, or they

Sport, Leisure and Coaching law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sport, Leisure and Coaching law - Essay Example by Lord Taylor on the Hillsborough disaster highlighed the role of building control as a major safety measure adopted for the safety of sports grounds. Moreover compulsory participation of other emergency services as well as likeminded intrested parties was also given priority. The important laws and regulations that were framed to ensure safety at sports grounds were Safety of sports grounds act 1975, Safety of sports grounds regulations 1987, Fire safety and safety of places of sports act 1987, Safety of places of sport regulations 1988, The football spectators act 1989, The environmental and safety information act 1988 etc. For ensuring the safety of sports grounds, the Safety of sports grounds act 1975 have given powers to the Secretary of state to issue special safety certificates or General safety certificate as an when required. As per the law the person who is responsible for the safety of the ground should apply to the concerned authority for getting such certificate. After receiving the application, the local autority decides whether the aplicant is qualified enough to receive the certificate. Normally the General certificate contains conditions that the authority fells necessary to implement safety at grounds. It includes management requirements, provisions for first aid, structural elements strength etc. For the preparation of the Safety certificate, it is utmost necessary to consider the following. First of all, a request for suitable drawings form the applicant should be made. Then a survey of the ground in detail should be made. It is also necessary to hold team safety meetings with emergency services for determining the overall requirements. Moreover consultation with experts in this field should be made. Another important step is to seek structural , electrical as well as mechanical certification. When the general certificate is issued, it is necessary to notify the concerned persons who are intrested. Moreover advertisements in accordance

Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Nike - Essay Example The question whether Nike should have continued supporting Armstrong after the doping scandal is simple – no. Companies support sports personalities not only because of their achievements, but also because of what they stand for and symbolize – strong spirit, unbreakable will, lots of sacrifices and long hours of training for which they haven’t been paid for. The moment you stop being a symbol of good will and values, you stop being valued yourself. Armstrong deceived his fans, sponsors and everyone that supported him. So in my opinion it is understandable that if you are caught misrepresenting the very core morals and principles you were supposed to guard, you will stop representing the company that stood behind you. Corporations are not only guided by their profits and annual returns – but they also have public responsibilities. Companies want to make money contracting famous faces to represent their brand. But world recognized businesses also give back to communities and social projects. Hence they can’t allow themselves to lose face before their stakeholders and undermine a brand that existed long before Armstrong and will continue to be on the market long after he is

Plato and Crito Essay Example for Free

Plato and Crito Essay In Plato’s Crito, Crito attempts to persuade Socrates to flee from his death sentence. However, Crito fails because Socrates presents a counter argument which invalidates much of Crito’s original pleas. Despite this, a fallacy of justice may have been created. Even so, the Republic’s conception of justice seems to have little impact on Socrates’ existing ideas on justice. The first argument presented is the fact that the majority will look down upon Crito and others for not preventing Socrates death; they will find it to be a â€Å"shameful thing both for you and for us† because it seems â€Å"that [Crito] let the opportunity slip because of some vice, such as cowardice† (46a). Another reason which he presents to Socrates is that Crito and the others are â€Å"justified in running the risk† of â€Å"further penalty† for helping him to flee from execution† (44e). While Socrates says that he fears for them, Crito goes on to elaborate that even the sum of money to help him escape is overall â€Å"not large† (45a). He expounds further that people are willing to support him wherever he might go (45c). Next, Crito goes on to mention Socrates two sons; Crito feels that by being executed when there is a possibility to escape, he is â€Å"betraying those sons† (45c), that â€Å"one ought to see their upbringing and education through to the end† (45d). Overall, Crito feels that Socrates would be â€Å"throwing away [his] life†, which would ultimately set him in his enemies own wishes instead of his own (45c). Socrates starts his counter arguments by stating that he cannot just start rejecting the arguments that he had stated before just because of his current, unfortunate situation (46b). Because of this, he begins an examination of the arguments presented by Crito. Socrates states that the majority’s opinion is not what matters because it is not well informed, but rather it is the opinion of â€Å"the person who understands just and unjust things† (48a) that is the most valid opinion to follow. To conclude this section of his argument, Socrates proposes that â€Å"the most important thing isn’t living, but living well†, which he says is the same as living justly (48b). So, by this logic, the concerns that Crito had should be determined just or unjust for Socrates to escape when he had not been acquitted. Socrates reasons that â€Å"doing injustice in any circumstances is bad† and therefore â€Å"one should never do injustice† (49b), â€Å"no matter what one has suffered at [injustice’s] hands† (49c). He further explains through his use of the Laws that violating the contract of the city (his â€Å"deeds† within it [52d]) is only going to undermine the laws in such a way that he would indeed be held to his original charges of corruption (53c). He concludes his argument by stating that in the afterlife, Socrates will have â€Å"all this to offer as [his] defense to the authorities there† (54b). Overall, these arguments that Socrates puts forth are generally sound. However, one overarching theme that could be debated is the conception of being just by submitting to the laws. In many ways, it could be said that Martin Luther King Jr. by resisting the unjust established laws he was himself being unjust and would ultimately end up leading to a worse society. It seems obvious, however, that his actions made a positive difference to the world. Perhaps if Socrates resisted, he could have changed the unjust laws to make them just in such a way the city more just. Crito may have been right when he said that Socrates was giving in – his full potential would ultimately never be realized. If one was to attempt to define the justness of Socrates actions here by using Plato’s Republic, then it may seem that there may be a series of different arguments for justice. However, it is my own conclusion that none of the arguments for the definition of justice in the Republic would really influence Socrates in the slightest. After all, Socrates has already said he would not reject any previous arguments, all of which made in Crito are to be considered previous arguments, so it could be inferred that Plato, as the writer of the Crito, used his ideas of justice as the foundation for the dialog and eventually the Republic. Even the case of supplementary information, justice is explained in part in the Republic as â€Å"doing one’s own work† (433b). Socrates indeed did his own work and was just, but this does not address justice in an unjust city where one’s own work might be considered to be unjust. Further, the three virtues of the soul, moderation, courageousness, and wisdom (435b), were also fulfilled to some extent. Even more, by the classes of the people in the city (435c-441c), it could be said that Socrates followed his class assignment in the just city, but this is not a correlation to Athens, a city with a different class structure. Largely, the expanded view of justice is just more refinement of the original view of justice presented all throughout Plato’s dialogs. Expanded or not, the base remains the same and so it follows that Socrates’ arguments against Crito are relatively the same, even in light of the Republic. All said, Socrates arguments in response to Crito seem to be mostly plausible. Despite the world losing a skillful philosopher, at least the laws and justice of the city were upheld and Socrates therefore lived a just life, regardless of his sentence.

The Disturbing Role of Television in Accidents and Deaths Involving Children :: Term Papers Research

The Disturbing Role of Television in Accidents and Deaths Involving Children Imagine being a mother or a father standing in the kitchen doing dishes when out of nowhere a familiar scream hits your ears. The first thing you do is ask yourself â€Å"Where are my kids?† The phone rings and your next-door neighbor informs you that he/she has called 911 and you should come right away. You slam down the phone and in a panic you run down your walk across the street, arriving just as the ambulance backs into the drive. Next thing you know your 11-year-old son Billy, broken and bleeding, is being sped to the hospital. Far-fetched, as this story may seem it is happening more and more everyday. Billy got hurt because he and his friends were re-enacting a move they had seen on WWF the night before. Does television really influence good kids to do bad things? The answer is yes depending on the type of program and its content. At a young age children absorb everything they see and hear including things that adults see as minor, or non-influential. Television can do several things, create ideas in a child’s mind, pacify physical energy that could be used productively, tell children that unacceptable behavior is ok, and that humans are invincible. All of these ideas are false and can lead to destructive behavior and circumstances, and in some cases death. â€Å"The statistical correlation between childhood exposure to violence in media and aggressive behavior is about the same as that between smoking and lung cancer† (Atkinson, Michael. 59) (put a period after the parenthetical citation, and only include the author’s last name and page number in parentheses) We all know that for anyone who smokes a great deal lung cancer is almost inevitable, this causes great concern because most children spend much of their spare time in front of the television or playing video games. (make more explicit the connection between the effects of smoking and the effects of watching too much TV) Many childhood accidents related to television are in the form of copycat crimes says Michael Atkinson in his article â€Å"The movies made me do it†, â€Å"Copycat crimes have attained front-burner notoriety, and some day soon Hollywood’s liberty will be pitted against the perceived welfare of American children† (58). Many chil dren’s cartoons such as â€Å"X Men† and â€Å"PokeMon† tend to be very violent and anger oriented, (semicolon) therefore when children copycat what they see often times they end up hurting themselves or someone else, possibly even causing death.

Australian Values Statement Essay -- Nationalism

On October 15, 2007 the government shifted from a liberal multiculturalist immigration policy to an assimilation policy. This occurs after a change in the political speech. During the early 2000’s the rhetoric became more nationalistic and Australia like many different countries focus on defining its identity. The citizenship eligibility requirements were reinforced and all applicants for provisional and permanent visa have to read and accept the Australian Values statement. These core values of the nation are summarizing by three dot point: â€Å" †¢ Australian society values respect for the freedom and dignity of the individual, freedom of religion, commitment to the rule of law, Parliamentary democracy, equality of men and women and a spirit of egalitarianism that embraces mutual respect, tolerance, fair play and compassion for those in need and pursuit of the public good †¢ Australian society values equality of opportunity for individuals, regardless of their race, religion or ethnic background †¢ the English language, as the national language, is an important unifying element of Australian society.† On a first point we will analyse the text and try to understand it purpose and the means use to attain it. Then we will focus on the three dot point and the â€Å"Australian values† defined by the state. The issue of this focus is to know if the state-defined values are promoted and recognize by the media and the population or not and if they really occur in reality. Finally we will express some of the critics made to this â€Å"Australian Values Statement† form. We shall consider first the reasons and goals that pushed the government to create this statement and analyse its writing. On Australia Day 2006, the Prime Minister John Howar... ...Press. Leet, M. (2006). What Are Australian Values, Really? The Brisbane Institute. Leitner, G. (2004). Australia's Many Voices: Ethnic Englishes, Indigenous and Migrant Languages. Policy and Education. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. McGregor, C. (2001). Class in Australia. Melbourne: Penguin. Phillips, T., & Smith, P. (2000). What is 'Australian'? Knowledge and Among a Gallery of Contemporary Australians. Australian Journal of Political Science, pp. 203-224. Randel-moon, H. (2006). ‘COMMON VALUES’: WHITENESS, CHRISTIANITY, ASYLUM SEEKERS. ACRAWSA e-journal, Vol. 2, Issue 1, , pp. 1-14. Rossister, J. (2007). Identifying and Measuring "Australian Values". Australian Marketing Journal 15.1, pp. 7-13. Thompson, E. (2001). Challenges to Egalitarianism: Diversity or Sameness ? In Unity and diversity: a National Conversation: Barton Lectures (p. 71). Sydney: ABC Books.

Evolution of aviation during World War II Essay

The year between the two great Wars saw the continuation and expansion of aviation technology. By now, European nations knew the uses of airplanes in war times. Even though disarmament was commanded by the treaty of Versailles, many nations (mostly Europeans) continued to advance their aircraft technology in a lesser or higher degree (Pavelic, 2007, p. 2). Unlike the First World War, there was greater interest in research and advance studies on material science, aerodynamics, engine thermodynamics and fuel technology that favored the extensive use of monoplane and the use of new high powered weapons in fighter planes like cannons and rockets (Mathews, 2001, p. 9). Even though Germany was denied to build an air force by the Treaty of Versailles, nevertheless, they continued to conduct covert aeronautical research for secret rearmament plans during the interwar years. Secretly they also bought aircrafts from other countries. It can be said therefore that in spite of being banned to build military aircrafts, Germany was up-to-date in aircraft development. In fact by the time the Pact of Paris (1926) relaxed their restriction on German aviation development, Germany built some of the most advanced aircraft in the world (Pavelic, 2007, p. 2). Increasing the speed and rising at high altitudes had remained the preoccupation of aircraft development in the interwar and Second World War. Altitude was very important to the military because of their mission to intercept and attack invading bombers (Matthews, 2001, p. 9). For conventional type of airplanes, development was geared toward increasing speed and altitude through engine development, particularly the piston engine and turbo jet engine. Britain had design one of the best liquid-cooled aircraft engines, the Rolls Royce Merlin, used in World War II for two heavy bombers, the Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricanes (Pavelec, 2007, p. 7). However, the alternative to piston engine, the turbojet engine (engine without propeller) can be considered the greatest achievement in the history of aviation in terms of speed development and solved the problem of jet propulsion during the interwar and the Second World War. It was Germany who led in this development in the person of Dr. Hans von Ohain who completed a flight-worthy turbojet engine for aircraft, commencing the jet age on August 27, 1939. Throughout the war, the race for jet speed was dominated by the Germans and they were the ones who initiated to produce jet aircraft for combat operations. Other countries soon followed suit (although they have their own jet inventions at the same time that the Germans developed it but with less support) in producing turbojet engine. In Britain, it was Frank Whittle who developed a turbojet engine that powered the Gloster Pioneer on May 15, 1941 and the only Allied combat jet aircraft ,Meteor. By the end of the war, airplanes of the Second World War travel in faster speeds than their predecessors, with a record of 606 miles per hour by the British Gloster Meteor IV powered by a turbojet engine (Matthews, 2001, p. 6). Radar was also an innovation in aviation during the Second World War. When the First World War had ended, nations had realized that airplanes, especially those carrying bombs, will pose a threat to their safety. Therefore, radar systems were developed and in the Second World War, they were installed in airplanes to detect enemy aircrafts or ships, or to help in navigation or to accurately locate bombing targets ( Perry, 1988, p. 703). IV. Conclusion It is very obvious that due to the pressing need of the First and Second World War, the history of aviation took a rapid turn. It is at this period that aircrafts changed its role from transport and reconnaissance vehicle to destructive weapons of war when fighter and bomber planes were developed. Airplanes also undergone rapid change in physical appearance from biplanes to monoplanes and from using fabric to full-metal body. During the interwar periods, as aircrafts were already seen as an integral part in war victory, in-depth researches in aerodynamics and thermodynamics and other engineering technology related to flying was undertaken well into the Second World War. Moreover, the quest for greater speed and high altitudes was improved in the Second World War upon the invention of turbo jet engines as an alternative to the piston engines of the First World War.

Indian Parliament

PARLIAMENT IN INDIA AND SHORT NOTES ON OTHER PARLIAMENTS By, T. Vishnu, IX A. The  Parliament of India  is the supreme  legislative body  in  India. The parliament house originally known as ‘Council House ‘, founded in 1919, the Parliament alone possesses  legislative supremacy  and thereby ultimate power over all political bodies in India. The Parliament of India comprises thePresident of India  and the two Houses,  Lok Sabha  (House of the People) and  Rajya Sabha  (Council of States). The President has the power to summon and prorogue either House of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha.The parliament is  bicameral, with an  upper house  called as Council of States or  Rajya Sabha, and a  lower house  called as House of People or  Lok Sabha. The two Houses meet in separate  chambers  , in New Delhi. The Members of either house are commonly referred to as Members of Parliament or MP. The MPs of Lok Sabha are elected by  direct election  and the MPs of Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies and Union territories of Delhi and Pondicherry only in accordance with  proportional voting.The Parliament is composed of 790 MPs, who serve the largest  democratic  electorate  in the world The Estimates Committee, constituted for the first time in  1950, is a Parliamentary Committee consisting of 30  Members, elected every year by the Lok Sabha from amongst its Members. The Chairman of the Committee is  appointed by the Speaker from amongst its members. A Minister cannot be elected as a member of the Committee and if a member after his election to the Committee, is appointed a Minister, he   ceases to be a member of the  Committee from the date of such appointmentTerm of Office The term of office of the Committee is one year. Functions The functions of the Estimates Committee are: (a) to report what economies, improvements in  organisation, efficiency or admini strative reform, consistent with the policy underlying the estimates  may be effected; (b) to suggest alternative policies in order to bring about efficiency and economy in administration; (c) to examine whether the money is well laid out within the limits of the policy implied in the estimates; and d) to suggest the form in which the estimates shall be presented to Parliament. The Committee does not exercise its functions in relation to such Public Undertakings as are allotted to the Committee on Public Undertakings by the Rules of Procedure of Lok Sabha or by the Speaker. Working The  Parliament of Great Britain  was formed in 1707  Soon after it is constituted, the Committee selects such of the estimates pertaining to a Ministry/Department of the  Central Government or such of the statutory and other bodies of the Central Government as may seem fit to the Committee.The Committee also examines matters of special interest which may arise or come to light in the course of its work or which are specifically referred to it by the House or the Speaker. The Committee calls for preliminary material from the Ministry/Department, statutory and other Government bodies in regard to the subjects selected for examination and also memoranda from non-officials connected with the subjects for the use of the Members of the Committee. The Committee, from time to time, appoints one or more Sub-Committees/Study Groups for carrying out detailed examination of various subjects.If it appears to the Committee that it is necessary for the purpose of its examination that an on-the-spot study should be made, the Committee may, with the approval of the Speaker decide to undertake tours to make a study of any  particular matter, project or establishment, either as a whole Committee or by dividing itself into Study Groups. Notes relating to the institutions/offices etc. to be visited are called for in advance from the concerned Ministries/Departments etc. and circulated to th e Members of the Committee/Sub- Committee/Study Group.The Members while on tour may also meet the representatives of chambers of commerce and other nonofficial trade organisations and bodies which are concerned with the subjects under examination of the Committee, for an informal discussion. When the Committee/Sub-Committee/Study Group is on study tour only informal sittings are held at the place of visit. At such sitting neither evidence is recorded nor any decisions are taken. All discussions held by the Committee with the representatives of the   Ministries/ Departments, nonofficial organisations, etc. re treated as confidential and  no one having access to the discussions directly or  indirectly, should communicate to the Press or anyunauthorised person any information about matters taken  up during the discussions. Later in the light of informal discussions during Study Tours,  memoranda received from non-officials and information  collected from the Ministry/Depart ment concerned and other sources, non-official and official witnesses are invited to give evidence at formal sittings of theEstimates Committee held in Parliament House/Parliament House Annexe, New Delhi. The observations/recommendations of the Committee are embodied in its Reports which are presented to Lok Sabha. After a Report has been presented to the House the Ministry or Department concerned is required to take action on the recommendations and conclusions contained in the Report within a period of six months. The replies of the Government are examined by the Committee and an Action Taken Report is presented to the House.The replies to the recommendations contained in the Action Taken Reports are laid on the Table of Lok Sabha in the form of Statements. While U. S. A’s parliament is called as UNITED STATES CONGRESS The  United States Congress  is the  bicameral  legislature  of the  federal government  of the  United States, consisting of the  Senate, its upper house, and the  House of Representatives, its lower house. Congress meets in the  Capitol  in  Washington, D. C.Both representatives and senators are chosen through  direct election. There are 535 voting Members of Congress; the House of Representatives has a membership of 435 and the Senate has a membership 100. Members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a district. Congressional districts are  apportioned  to states by  population  using the United States Census results, each state in the union having at least one representative in the Congress.Regardless of population, each of the 50 states has two senators; the 100 senators each serve a six-year term. The terms are staggered so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. The  Parliament of the United Kingdom o f Great Britain  is the supreme  legislative body in the United kingdom, British  Crown dependencies  and  British overseas territories.The  parliament  is  bicameral, with an  upper house, the  House of Lords, and a  lower house, the  House of Commons. ]The Queen is the third component of the legislature. The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the  Lords Spiritual  (the senior  bishops  of the  Church of England) and the  Lords Temporal  (members of the  Peerage) whose members are not elected by the population at large, but are appointed by the Sovereign on advice of the Prime Minister . The  Parliament of Great Britain  was formed in 1707. Read also: My Ambition Is To Become a Collector

Filipino People and Maria Anna Mae

Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Chapter 14 Rizal in London Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. †¢Lived in London May 1888 to Mar. 1889 †¢3 reasons why he stayed there: 1)To improve the his knowledge of the English Language 2)To study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas 3)London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish Tyranny †¢Filipiniana studies †¢Completing annotating Morga’s books †¢Wrote many articles in La Solidaridad †¢Penned Young Women of Malolos †¢Had romance with Gertrude Beckett Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Stay in London Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Trip across the Atlantic †¢Made friends in his atlantic voyage †¢Amazed some American and European passengers †¢Had a chat with newspaper men but became disappointed †¢Arrived on Liverpool May 24, 1888 †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Liverpool is a big and beautiful city and its celebrated port is worthy of its great fame. The entrance is magnificent and the custom house is quite good. † Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. you Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Life in London Went to London May 25, 1888 †¢Stayed as a guest at Dr. Regidor’s home †¢Became a boarder at the Beckett’s by the end of May †¢Was called â€Å"Pearl of Man† by Dr. Reinhold Rost †¢Played Cricket and Boxing with Dr. Rost’s sons. Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Good and Bad News from home â⠂¬ ¢Bad News †¢Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the â€Å"Anti-friar Petition of 1888† †¢Persecution of Calamba tenants †¢Furious attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and by Desenganos (Wenseslao E. Retana) and Quioquiap (Pablo Feced) in spanish newspapers †¢Rizal’s brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo was exiled in Bohol Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Good and Bad News from home †¢Good News †¢Rev. Vicente Garcias’ defended Noli against the attacks of the friars. †¢Content of the letter We young Filipinos are trying to make over a nation and must not halt in our onward march, but from time to time turn our gaze upon our elders. We shall wish to read in their contenances approval of our actions. We are anxious to learn of the Philippines’ past which we need to understand in order to plan intelligently for the future. We want to know all that our ancestors knew, and then add our own Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Annotating Morga’s books †¢Spent many days in the reading room of the British Museum reading Morga’s books and old stories of the Philippines †¢Wrote a letter to Blumentritt on Sept. 17, 1888 †¢Mariano Ponce urged him to edit a newspaper but refused Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Short visit to Paris and Spain †¢September 1888 he visited Paris for a week †¢Entertained in a gay French Metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife †¢He returned to London †¢Dec. 11, 1888 he went to Spain †¢Met Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Christmas in London †¢Rizal returned to London on Dec. 24, 1888 and spent his Christmas and new year ‘s day with the Becketts. †¢He sent a gift to Blumentritt and Dr. Carlos Czepelak †¢Received a gift from Mrs. Beckett Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Rizal becomes leader of Filipinos in Europe †¢Chosen to be honorary president †¢Wrote a letter of thanks adressed to the members of Asociacion La Solidaridad on Jan. 28, 1889 †¢Letter content †¢When defeated never surrender †¢Great deal of integrity and much good Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Rizal and the La Solidaridad paper †¢Graciano Lopez founded La Solidaridad on Feb. 15,1889 at Barcelona †¢Marcelo H. del Pilar about their newspaper †¢Rizal congratulated Lopez Jaena nd the associates and wrote articles Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal First Article in La Solidaridad †¢Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino Farmers) †¢Published Mar. 25, 1889 †¢Depicted the deplorable conditions in the Philippines which cause the backwardness of the country. The Filipino farmers has to struggle not only against petty tyrants and robbers. Against the first, defense indeed was permitted; against the latter not always†¦ After the floods, locusts, fires, bad harvests, and the like the farmer capitalist has o deal with constable who takes away from Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal First Article in La Solidaridad for being suspicious persons or for no reason whatsoever, and they manacle them to clean the barracks and thus compel the capitalist to live on better terms with the chief and, if not, they take away his carabaos, oxen, inspite of many protests. At times it is not the constable or the civil guard who opposes so indirectly the minister of colonies. An official of the court or the provincial government, dissatisfied with he farmer, urgently summons this or that laborer, if not two or three. The unfortunate man underyakes a tripoftwo or three days, uneasy and distrustful, spends his savings, Report by: Isi dro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Writings in London †¢La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The vision of Fray Rodriguez) †¢Published at Barcelona †¢Letter to the Young Women of Malolos †¢M. H. del Pilar †¢Praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they could learn spanish despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos. 1. A Filipino mother should teach her children love of God, fatherland, and mankind 2. Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother 3. Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor 4. Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues; Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Writings in London †¢Specimens of Tagalog Folklore †¢Two Eastern Fables †¢Requested by: Dr. Rost Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Romance with Gertrude Beckett †¢Gertrude Beckett †¢Buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks †¢Eldest of the three sisters †¢Fell in love with Rizal †¢helped him in his painting and sculpture †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gettie† †¢Rizal finished 4 sculptures †¢Promotheus Bound †¢The Triumph of Death over Life †¢The Triumph of Science over Death †¢Composite carving of the heads of the Beckett sisters Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Adios London †¢March 19, 1889 Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S.

The Indian Firm CMYK Health Boutiques Research Paper

The Indian Firm CMYK Health Boutiques - Research Paper Example The Four Fountains Spa is a unique concept in the wellness industry and aims at offering a quality spa experience at affordable prices. It is currently located only at the city of Pune, India, with two centres there and is aiming to set up day spas in the top 20 towns of the country. The spa has body polishes, body wraps, facials and many other packages for men and women. In world therapies, they have the Swedish Therapy which is a deep tissue massage that uses firm but gentle pressure and is known to relax, improve circulation, ease muscle aches and tension. They even have the Harmonizing aromatherapy which is essentially done with natural oils from flowers, herbs, leaves and fruits. From the Far East, there is the Thai Meridian Therapy which is not an oil massage but takes into consideration Marma (energy) points. They also have thirty-minute massages like comforting foot reflexology and back therapy to eliminate pain in those areas. In Indian therapies, they have the Abhyangam, wh ich involves the application of herbal oils using soft and gentle strokes in the downward direction. Also, there is Shirodhara, where warm herbal oil is gently poured on the forehead. This is said to help in curing fatigue, mental exhaustion, anxiety, insomnia, headache and nervousness. They also have various facials, body polishes and body wraps (body polish plus body mask). Their special package for men is interestingly called Gentleman’s Retreat. Similarly, the one for the women is called Ladies Day Out.

Select a topic in U.S. History that corresponds to the time period of Essay

Select a topic in U.S. History that corresponds to the time period of 1607-1974 - Essay Example www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/.../king-bio.htmlNobel Prize is the website that I chose to do my research. It clearly and precisely and analyzes the history of Martin Luther since the time he was born and through his activist ministry. It has explained the various civil right movements that he led between early 50s to 1968when he died. The website has given in details the key points, unlike the other websites and so preferred using it in this research. It has discussed the way Martin conducted his activism. I highly recommend this website to the rest for the information it gives is understandable and orderly arranged. The website also has highlighted in explicit details on successes of Martin Luther and the occurrence of his death. From this topic, I have learnt so much about Martin Luther. Martin advocated for nonviolent demonstrations. He educated the southern people on peaceful movements, civil rights and as well politics. He desired to be diplomatic in carrying out his campaigns on call for equality on African American. Martin was so persisting in his work and determined to achieve his targets. In Montgomery Bus Boycott, where an African American was put in prison for failure to give up her seat for an American he called for a lobby group. Boycotting was to carry on for 382 days of harassment and walking to working places. King being the leader was attacked but did not give up. Public transport had a severe economic problem since there was no business for them. Martin was able to get support from other African churches just after he formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).He was able to go to many places across the country speaking on nonviolent protests. He had a meeting with politicians, religious leaders and other activists to show how devoted he was in work. In August 1963, Martin marched to Washington with his followers and many people came to listen as he gave the speech on â€Å"I have a Dream†. He

Videocy findings memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Videocy findings memo - Essay Example The aforementioned can be achieved through the implementation of the following advice: The article historically contextualizes multimedia information delivery technologies. In so doing, it normalizes it. As you overview the evolution of the printing press, the rise of multimedia information channels, such as the television, and move onto interactive multimedia technologies, you normalize this media and present its evolution as a process of natural progression. This certainly allows readers to understand that the phenomenon in question is an evolution of already existing media and communication technologies, not a revolution against them. Nevertheless, the stated approach detracts from the uniqueness of multimedia as an information communication channel. It is essential that you fully acknowledge the uniqueness of this technological development. In so doing you will be expressing a sympathetic understanding of the position held by its opponents. The simple fact of the matter is that many fear multimedia technology and believe that its integration into the classroom and teaching environment will have a detrimental impact upon intellectual and cognitive development (Alliance for Childhood, n.d.). Indeed, as argued in an Alliance for Childhood article entitled `Fool’s gold,’ (n.d.), â€Å"Interactive multimedia leaves very little to the imagination †¦ multimedia narrative includes such specific representations that less and less is left to the minds eye.† This above-stated viewpoint, which as Jonnavithula and Kinshuk (2005) explain, is held by many, should have been acknowledged in the body of the article. Acknowledgement should have taken the form of an explicit concession to the uniqueness of the phenomenon in question. By conceding to uniqueness, you would have been expressing an understanding of the objections sounded against multimedia as a teaching tool. This would have

Critically evaluate the cognitive development theories of Piaget and Essay

Critically evaluate the cognitive development theories of Piaget and Vygotsky and discuss their relevance to Social Work practice - Essay Example He came up with the cognitive development theory where he showed two major aspects to his theory: the process of coming to know and the stages used to acquire the ability to know. In his book, Miller, (2002, p.32) stated that Piaget viewed knowledge as a process and that children have an active process of knowing their surrounding. As a biologist, he was interested in how a given organism adapts to its environment. Behaviour is controlled through mental organization where an individual uses some schemes to represent the world and designate action. This adaptation is motivated by biological drive to obtain balance between the schemes and the environment. Piaget hypothesized that an infant is born with schemes that operate from birth. These schemes are reflexes which are used to adapt the environment and are later replaced by constructed schemes. He described two processes that are used by individual to adapt to the environment; assimilation and accommodation. These processes are used throughout life as the person progressively adapts to the environment in a more complex way. Assimilation is a process of transforming the environment so that it can be suitable in the pre-existing cognitive structures. An example is where an infant uses a sucking schema that was developed by sucking a small bottle when trying to suck a larger bottle. Accommodation on the other hand, is the process of changing the cognitive structures in order to accept anything from the environment. An example would be when the child wants to modify a sucking schema that was developed through sucking on a pacifier to one that could be thriving for sucking on a bottle. The two processes are simultaneously useful throughout life. Piaget proposes that there are four distinct stages of mental representation that children pass through right from their infancy stage to the adult level of intelligence. The four stages are; sensorimotor period, preoperation period, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage. Sensorimotor stage starts from birth to two years. It is the primary stage in cognitive development; this is where infants create an understanding of the world by coordinating the sensory experience with physical actions. They gain knowledge from the world through the physical actions hence, progress from reflexive instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought towards the end of the stage. Piaget subdivided the sensorimotor stage into six sub-stages. Simple reflexes are a sub-stage where the infant coordinates the sensation and action through reflexive behaviour. It starts right from birth to the period when the infant is one month old. First habits and primary circular reactions phase is the second sub-stage (Bateson 2005, p 127). It starts from one month to four months after birth. Other sub-stages include: secondary circular reaction phase, coordination of secondary circular reaction phase, tertiary circular reactions and curiosity and internalization of the schemes. By the end of sensorimotor stage, the child acquires the sense of object permanence. The child understands that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be heard, seen or touched. According to Piaget,

Marketing Strategy of Marc Jacobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Strategy of Marc Jacobs - Essay Example The paper "Marketing Strategy of Marc Jacobs" examines the fashion label of Marc Jacobs and its marketing strategy. Marc Jacobs launched his first Marc Jacobs Collections in 1986 and had won many awards. Before his collection was launched, he made a tremendous mark in the fashion designing world which increased the popularity of his collections. This drove him to launch Marc brand. Marc Jacobs has developed his brand as a fashionable brand with uniqueness with the intention to attract the consumers. Being in New York which is also known for its fashion trends, it made the brand more successful by the acceptance level of the consumers towards the brand. The value is generated when the consumers are willing to pay and are satisfied with the brands. The innovation technique is important in marketing strategy towards the consumers. Marc Jacobs had an innovative idea for developing a marketing strategy that would attract more consumers’ attentions and make the brand more eminent. M arc extensively used YouTube before it was used in an attempt to generate attention towards the brand. Consumers got attracted towards the brand offerings of different category of fashionable merchandises and till today the brand is successful and it illustrates the brand loyalty. Marc Jacobs offer women and men, ready to wear garments, accessories, bags, shoes, fragrance, eye wear and many more fashionable types of merchandise. Young people are more attracted towards the high fashionable merchandises that are offered by the brand.

Ethnographic Process †Homo Narrans Essay Example for Free

Ethnographic Process – Homo Narrans Essay With her assertion in Number Our Days that humankind is a species of homo-narrans, Barbara Myerhoff describes us as story-telling creatures. We identify, express, discover and categorize ourselves based on the legends and lore of our cultural heritage as well as the anecdotal accounts of our personal lives. The works we have read support Myerhoff’s assertion, demonstrating through the narratives that humans define their world through stories at the same time that their stories define them. Myerhoff, Cruikshank and Fabian all respond to humans as story-telling beings, employing ethnographic strategies based on a holistic combination of qualitative and quantitative research. In her Number Our Days, Myerhoff gathered exhaustive narratives from the senior Jewish population of Venice, California. Likewise, Cruikshank’s interviews with the Yukon elders in Life Lived Like a Story reveal how thoroughly she participates with the ethnographic study of man as homo-narrans. (I particularly liked Angela’s story of balancing old and new customs. Similarly, Fabian’s Power and Performance supports itself upon qualitative fieldwork, contributing a plethora of anecdotal information to African anthropological studies. All authors interacted with and affected the social environment in which they worked, their studies not only speaking to the lives of their research subjects but the research and researchers themselves. I support the ways these authors respond to the notion of mankind as homo-narrans. People tell stories in life as a way to communicate their identity and beliefs, their backgrounds and ambitions. The only challenges I foresee lie in the fact that personal accounts are not always representative of the group to which they belong. And while it is impossible not to affect the sample population from which researchers derive information, to feel personally moved even to advocate on its behalf, it seems best that researchers remain objective in their studies, at least for the duration of those studies. A mind clouded with passion is not a viable tool of rational inquiry or observation. Once the study is complete, I could not fault a researcher for advocating people s/he discovered to be in need of help in the course of the inquiry.

Natural Resources In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

Natural Resources In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay The oil rich Nigerian economy, long limping by political unstability, corruption, and poor macroeconomic performance management, is undergo sufficiently substantial economic reform under the new civilian administration. Nigerias former military rulers failed to diversifying the economy away from overdependence on the capital intensive oil sector, which provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenues in the country. The large subsistence agricultural sector have failed to keeping up with rapid population growth, and Nigeria, once a large net exporter of food, now must import food to support their satisfy needs. Following the signing of an IMF stand by agreement in August 2000, Nigeria received a debt restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1 billion loan from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. Increases in foreign investment and oil production combined with high world oil prices should push growth over 4% in 2001 and 2002. GDP: purchasing power parity $117 billion (2000 est.) GDP real growth rate: 3.5% (2000 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity $950 (2000 est.) GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 40% industry: 40% services: 20% (1999 est.) Population below poverty line: 45% (2000 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 40.8% (1996 and 1997) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (2000 est.) Labor force: 66 million (1999 est.) Labor force by occupation: agriculture 70%, industry 10%, services 20% (1999 est.) Unemployment rate: 28% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues: $3.4 billion expenditures: $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) Industries that implemented in Nigeria: crude oil, coal, tin, columbite, palm oil, peanuts, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel Industrial production growth rate: 1.5% (2000 est.) Electricity for production: 18.7 billion kWh (1999) Electricity for the production by source: fossil fuel: 52.94% hydro: 47.06% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999) Consumption of Electricity : 17.372 billion kWh (1999) Export of Electricity: 19 million kWh (1999) Electricity imports: 0 kWh (1999) Products of Agriculture: cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish Exports: $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) Exports commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber Exports partners: US 36%, India 9%, Spain 8%, Brazil 6%, France 6%, (1999) Imports: $10.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) Imports commodities: machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and live animals Imports partners: UK 11%, Germany 10%, US 9%, France 8%, China 6% (1999) Debt external: $32 billion (2000 est.) Economic aid recipient: ODA $250 million (1998) Currency: naira (NGN) Currency code: NGN Exchange rates: nairas per US dollar 110.005 (January 2001), 101.697 (2000), 92.338 (1999), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.884 (1996) AGRICULTURE Currently, several activities are become implemented by the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development In Nigeria with in under planning of water supply, sustainable food production, and rural development. These include several plans : Formulation of the Irrigation Policy for Nigeria, its Formal irrigation started in Nigeria 21 years ago. However, a National policy on irrigation have not been produced again. This situation was become corrected by the preparation of an irrigation policy for the Nigeria country Surface and Groundwater Monitoring Under the National Fatima Development Programme: The main objective is to monitor and analyses the effect of groundwater exploitation for irrigation on flood plains in the semi-arid areas of the country in order to design effective and sustainable exploitation regimes for the various aquifers encountered. Work started in five pilot States in 1995 and is scheduled to be completed by September, 1997.This planning will also seek to ascertain the pollution potentials of the saturated groundwater zone due to the irrigation activities in the project area. The study, which will ultimately assist in the design of the groundwater exploitation plan for the project area is expected to be completed by the end of 1998. Survey and Inventory of Irrigation Projects in Nigeria: The aim is to obtain up to date information on irrigation development in Nigeria. It involves the collection, collation, compilation, and classification of irrigation projects in the country. The Government Of Nigeria, through the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources has embarked on a number of programmes aimed at promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development. The programmes and their associated activities are: 1. Agricultural Land Resource Programme: The objectives of this programme are to select suitable lands for the production of specific that can increase crops through soil survey and land evaluation. 2. National Seed Service (NSS) Programme: The objective of this programme is to produce high quality crops for Nigerian farmers within a commercial environment of sound certification and quality control and to sell high output quality seeds and seedlings of selected arable tree crops, namely oil palm, rubber, cotton, groundnut, soybeans, gum arabic, etc. Over 2,460 kg of foundation seeds have been produced by the project for Research Institutes and out growers respectively. 3. Agricultural Finance Programmes: This is another programme whose objective is to provide loans and credits to small scale farmers. This is done through some agricultural oriented financial institutions such as the Nigerian Agricultural Co-operative Bank (NACB), the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme (ACGS), and the Farmers Credit Scheme (FCS). Farmers have been supported financially through this programme for the purpose of increasing crop production. 4. Establishment of the Federal Agricultural Coordinating Unit (FACU): This Unit is primarily responsible for the provision of planning and implementation support to the activities of the ADP in the country. 5. The National Agricultural Research Project (NARP): This Planning was set up to strengthen the countrys agricultural research system and ensure availability of food through adequate domestic production in the country. Within the network of Agricultural Research Institutions, five handle food crops, three are for livestock; one (NSPRI) completes research on storage of agricultural and food products; while three handle mechanization research including the design, fabrication, and servicing of food processing machines. The impact of the NARP in boosting food production has not been sufficiently realized perhaps due to lack of adequate support and ineffective programme coordination. With recent reorganization and assured funding, NARP is expected to increase food production during the next decade. 6. The Strategic Reserve Scheme: At its second inception, the objective of this Scheme is to undertake the storage of excess grains during the harvest for release when prices are high in the market. This stabilizes the price and makes grains available all year round. 7. Establishment of the National Agricultural Land Development Authority (NALDA): The Governments main objective in establishing NALDA is to transform rural peasantry by mobilizing human resources and other support services to open up new lands for increased food production. The Authority has embarked on some activities (bush clearing, land preparation, farm infrastructure development, soil conservation and environmental issues, soil survey, evaluation, soil testing and capacity) to provide baseline data for agricultural related activities and advisory services to agricultural land users. The NALDA 1997 work plan proposes to open up more enclave farming communities during the operating season and will focus on land development in cooperation with the Agricultural Land Resource, Forestry, Department of Agriculture, and Agricultural Cooperative. FRESH WATER Nigeria have given high priority to its freshwater resources due to the growing concern at the increasing stress on water supplies caused by poor use patterns, affecting both water quality and quantity. Futher more, the Government through the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development, in Nigeria was undertaking a number of planning designed to protect the quality and supply of freshwater resources in the country to avoid some pollution.   In these cases, The low lying, flood prone areas near rivers that become of water resources and streams and in inland areas also will be attention from the Ministry. The twin problems of soil erosion and flood control are addressed through the Department of Soil Erosion and Flood Control. The agency was created in 1991 to oversee the mitigate these problems and the improvement area of devastated lands. The Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development responsibility to handles inland erosion and flooding, and the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing is responsible for marine flood control and erosion problems. Legislation and Regulations   For the the Integrated Water Resources Development and Management programme area, the Ministry has prepared the Water Resources Decree 101 of 1993 to give the legal framework for the development of the water resources in the country of Nigeria. The Decree places ultimate to responsibility for the proper development of the water resources on the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development in the country. Strategies, Policies and Plans  Ã‚   To the Integrated Water Resources Development and Management planning area, the government of Nigeria have prepared the Nations Water Resources Master Plan for the 1995-2020 period which was completed with the technical assistance of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) between 1992 and 1995 for the development in Nations water resources. If we can see in the past, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation sub sector was totally not coordinated. At the same time, various methods and equipment were used with little or no thought given to the sustainability of the systems nor the ability of the benefit communities to operate and maintain them overall. The Strategy and Action Plan direction standards for the methods and equipment to be used to action. Policy of national water supply is completed and approved at the National Council on Water Resources and Rural Development meeting at Kaduna in November 1995 discuss about the sustainability of water. It provides the guidelines and direction towards development for water supply development up to the year 2015 become reality. One of the main problems is Flooding in one form or other affects at least more than 20% of the nations population, its faced both urban residents and rural dwellers. Flooding is a threat to physical infrastructures in the area, including residential accommodation, commercial, and industrial properties, roads, rail lines, bridges and so on. It also believed destroys all farmlands in Nigeria, including standing crops that is important for the farmer. Losses due to flooding run into billions of Naira per year and cost to improve its always increasingly. The future plans of Nigeria to achieve effective management of urban, river, and coastal flooding include a) Enforce compliance with town planning,urban laws,edicts b) Build embankments and levies along rivers and coastlines prone to flooding. c) Establish a rainstorm early warning system its can be remainder to community. d) Establish and monitor weather stations, and river and tidal gauges. e) Ensure appropriate management and maintenance of dams. f) Ensure proper maintenance of existing drainage channels. g) Enforce environmental sanitation laws in Nigeria. Other invasive weeds mostly can give effect to waterways. Currently hamper normal economic activities in reverie areas where the spread of the weeds have been exist and can block waterways. They also impend free river communication on waterways, and above all, the spread of the weed obstructs fishing activities and destroyed water quality. Nigerias future plans and strategy to eliminate the water hyacinth that can give pollution and other invasive plants in all water systems is to: a) Inventory the spread of water hyacinth and other invasive weeds in all the river systems; b) Develop an infestation index map to determine control options; e) adopt an appropriate integrated control option to ensure that the weeds are no longer a menace; and f) encourage sub-regional cooperation. Approval is pending for the study of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources with Particular Reference to Flood Susceptible and Drought Prone Areas. This project has been submitted to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for their participation. GEMS or Water Nigeria is a important component of the Global Environmental Monitoring System with the overall objective of monitoring the quality of freshwater supply throughout in Nigeria. The programme is support by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO). It can be monitors some water parameters and provides information on the suitability usage of water for human routine consumption, agricultural, commercial in business, and industrial uses. Several of the activities under the planning focus on a) Strengthening National water quality monitoring in Nigeria; b) Improve analytical capabilities and data quality assured; c) Addressing critical freshwater quality issues in order to propose policy options and control measures for the development and d) Assisting participating laboratories by the provision of technical advice, analytical reference samples, and training opportunities. The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) is coordinating the programme within the country. Participating several agencies include the National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), New Busa and the National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), Kaduna. A network of stations on rivers, lakes, and reservoirs has been established with instrumentation for the purpose of collecting samples for analysis and development in treatment water quality. FORESTS In term of natural resources in forests, Effective mechanisms are being developed to harmonize cross sectoral policies related to forestry for example the famous forestry is, environment, agriculture, livestock, fishery and so on. Presently, the National Forest Policy is being reviewed under the aegis of the recently created Ministry of Environment. The Federal Department of Agricultural Land Resources (FDALR) is currently, on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), articulating Agricultural Land Use and Practices Policy for the improvement in the country for development areas in Nigeria. Legislation and Regulations   There is no Land Use Policy in the country. There is however, a Land Use Act. States are being encourage to derive their legislation from the national framework made by government. A national forest and wildlife law is being developed and implemented with the involvement of all stakeholders in the country. There is have no forest certification practice in the country. However, we can see that public involvement on forest certification is being articulation in the proposed revised policy which will encourage private sector and NGO participation in the public involvement. It is become proposed that a National Working Group (NWG) on Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and certification be set up to finalize the criteria or indicators for development Sustainable Forest Management in the country. The activities that implemented promote the use of forest products in place of products made of non renewable materials: Impose low tariff on wood products Impose for the Reasonable pricing of wood products Must Under valuation of forest products Impose High cost of non-renewable materials especially energy Value system and traditional beliefs preference in taste for food or delicacy prepared with fuelwood. Strategies, Policies and Plans  Ã‚   Nigeria started implemented the National Forestry Action Plan (NFAP) in around 1990 with the assistance joint of FAO and a grant of US $690,000 from UNDP. At the same time, to ensure the greatest commitment and supporting at the highest and at all levels of Government in Nigeria, the National Advisory Council that assisted by a National Technical Committee, was become inaugurate generally in 1994. The project was concluded in 1995 and the final NFAP report has been submitted. The next stage is to use the report to canvass for international funding from donors to implement the action plans made by government. The annual rate of deforestation in Nigeria is of major concern and a viable option to mitigating this is through implementation and made enforcement of sound Forest Policy in Nigeria. Towards achieve this objective , the country is in the process of review her 1988 Forest Policy. Also being prepared is Environmental Guidelines on Logging and Fuelwood Extraction in Nigeria. It is hoped that when these two instruments are enforced Nigeria would achieve attain sustainable development in economic and utilization of her natural forest resources. A workshop in agricultural land use and become practices have been conducted and proceedings printed to implementation. Sectoral meetings have been held to articulate and review key areas to be addressed in the policy that implemented. This area are now become subjected to further deliberations with a view to synthesizing the issues that can form the main instrument of the policy. Its will be later reviewed by the Legal Unit before as a whole package is developed for further deliberation and enactment by the National Assembly to become process. As Presently, the country have different policies within sub sectors of agriculture and the environment involved in land use in Nigeria. There is need for integrated planning and management of all rural development programmes there. This will be reduce conflicts and guarantee better resources use. At the same time, some international organizations include the FAO, World Bank (IMF) , UNDP, ADB, DFID (ODA), Ford Foundation, for example, strategies have been formulated and developed for effective and efficient in sustainable management of a number of forest reserves in Nigeria. In recognition of the changing strategy for natural resources management, the national forest and wildlife policy is become reviewed to make its implementation more efficient and to be better respond to emerging issues in forest sustainability development in the area. The review also towards supporting, the productivity of small holder farmers and to improve access to credit and other inputs that needs. The strategy to achieve the target of 25% of the land area as forest is to: Impose to Ban the export of log wood until the 25% reserve forest cover is achieved; Provide a policy and institutional framework favorable for private investment in trees and forest resource management; Effort to Increasing community participation in forest management and utilization in the country. Establish sum of total of 15 million ha of plantation for various purposes such as shelterbelts, watershed conservation, forest fruit trees, Gum Arabic. Promote agro forestry with multi purpose tree species to diversify farm produce and improve the soil environment; Encourage private sector industrial plantations especially in already degraded forest estates; Adoption protection forestry development strategies which includes shelterbelt establishment, afforestation of eroded sites, stabilization of sand dunes. Promote community woodlots which could include forest fruit trees as whole and fuel wood plantations Improve efficiency of the use of fuel wood Manufacture affordable bio-mass stoves; Developed alternative sources of energy such as solar energy for good environment Effort to support research into conservation and improvement of soil, genetic resources, silviculture, utilization of forest products, agro forestry, wildlife, and afforestation of difficult sites To Support human resources development in the country. It is proved that Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) contributed development substantially to the rural economy and hence strategies are being developed for the achievement of high potential NTFPs in each ecological area of the country. Its no compensate is provided for forest owners who market environmental benefits to the society generally. Incentives will be given to provided to enable them to manage their forest more better and sustainably, at the same time to facilitating their access for the improved tree seeds in their communities. LAND The policy objectives that implemented and mandate of the Nigerian Department of Agricultural Land Resources, established in 1980, have been refocused since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) to cover sound planning and management of land resources consistent with the provisions of Agenda 21. This planning become more importance to manage resources of land correctly and efficient. Erosion is a continuous process. Once started, there is urgent need to stabilize all existing erosion sites to stem the rate of soil degradation and loss of lands, forest resources, and property. In addition, there is a need to restore all those badlands and gullies that are amenable to restoration. The Nigerian strategy is to overcome this problems is a) Prepare and implemented a comprehensive National policy on soil, coastal erosion, and flood control in the country b) Formulate and to enforcing regulations for soil and water conservation especially in erosion prone areas that identify. c) Try to Complete National watershed delineation and characterization for use as a basic for developing and implemented an aggressive management and enforcement programme to protect and maintain the quality of the nations area lands, water, and coastal resources in all areas in Nigeria. d) Prepare a intermittent master plan for the importance management of soil and coastline erosion and flood, and giving advise the Federal Government on the financial requirements for plan implementation. e) Complete possibility and scientific studies on soil erosion and its related flood problems for the design of appropriate integrated recovery control measures. f) Complete public awareness campaigns on the dangers of environmental degradation arising from poor land and water management practices. g) Provide and promote training on environmental issues as they relate to flood, erosion, land degradation, and water conservation. h) Promote integrated ecosystem management for agriculture, land use, soil and water conservation, rural development, and coastal resources management including environmentally sound recreational use. i) Consolidate National capacity by personnel development, provision of training facilities and research on prevention climate related ecological problems in ecosystem. j) Consolidate capacity of the Environmental Management Support System (EMSS) for remote sensing data gathering, GIS facilities, and development of a disaster/environmental data bank. k) Effort to Support agro forestry and integrated coastal zone management. l) Encourage planted fallow in abandoned farmlands using soil enriching species. Its associated activities are a source of considerable environmental damage to surface water, groundwater, and land. Health and safety risks are also considerable for people working in mines or living close by. The resulting deterioration of the environment and human health, are seen in existing mining wastelands all over the country, especially in the Middle Belt States, including Plateau, Bauchi, Niger, as well as Borno, Yobe, Adamawa, and Enugu. The degradation of the natural environment has a negative effect on the long term growth potential of the country, even though immediate economic benefits are being derived by individual enterprises. It is important, therefore, that all approvals to initiate mining should be carried out in an environmentally sound manner, so as to minimize negative impacts. In addition, all abandoned and closed mining sites should be reclaimed. The strategy to achieve this involves: a) Developing an inventory of all existing and closed mining sites; b) Enforcing compliance regulation with all National Mining Laws and Regulations, especially the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Law, the Safety Code and Accident Prevention Regulations that must be implemented c) Enforcing mining wasteland reclamation measures for closed mining sites. d) Providing financial incentives to helps and encourage the reclamation of abandoned mining sites. e) Encourage public participation in community through dialogue with affected communities and other directly interested parties on the environmental aspects of different phases of mining activities in the country. f) Adopting environmental sound mining technology and practices in all phases of mining activities, especially appropriate technologies to reduced environmental impacts, including those from small scale mining operations in the area. g) Building capacity in environmental management in the mining industry. Soils in Nigeria are variable due to variations in the geology and climate. Most predominant in the country are the utisols which cover about 46% of the total area of the country in Nigeria. Such soil performs very well under good planning and management though it is of moderate to low productivity in income of production. When we analysis Only 6% of the country is covered by entisol, the high productive soil in the all areas. Nigeria have been category into eight Land Resource Zones, namely semi arid, dry sub humid, subhumid, humid, very humid, ultra humid, plateau, and mountain zones. Among them if we can see, if not all of this ecological fields have witnessed pressure resulting from uncontrolled in socioeconomic activities leaving a large proportion of the land parched in Nigeria . From perspective ecological and economic standpoints, soil erosion is probably the most serious give environmental problem and its can be affecting negative effect on the nations soil and land resources in Nigeria.